Social theories in social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social hypotheses in social work - Essay Example Social work is a control that includes the use of social hypothesis and some examination strategies. The reason for which is to improve the general nature of living of society on the loose. Social work fuses and uses other sociologies so as to improve the human conditions. Social work is in this way a calling resolved to accomplish social equity and an upgraded way of life. Social work manages and settle pretty much every significant social issue. Social laborers are associated with the examining the underlying drivers of different social issues and creating perfect arrangements reads for the equivalent. They may work with people, gatherings or the general public advanced in the mid nineteenth century. Social fill in as a calling developed in the mid nineteenth century. This was started by the issues made in the public arena by the modern transformation. Social work as a calling. It was activated by the striking use of logical thinking and hypotheses to different investigations. Va rious instructive foundations acknowledged social work as a control and offered courses. In the twentieth century, the social work as a calling relied intensely on research and different proof based practices. This prompted a general improvement in the polished methodology of social work. At present social laborers are fixated on heaps of interests in taking care of cultural issues. Proficient social laborers as a rule hold an expert degree in social work and may even have a permit or are expertly.

Child Soldiers

Kid troopers a) The nature of the human rights issue A kid officer is an individual younger than 18 who partakes, legitimately or in a roundabout way, in furnished clashes as a component of an equipped power or gathering, in either outfitted and supporting jobs. The utilization of kids in furnished clash is viewed as a type of servitude or human dealing. Despite the fact that kids join equipped gatherings ‘voluntarily’ it regularly includes compulsion, power or double dealing, or the kid may see no other choice for endurance yet to join. The UN and human rights watch assessed that the quantity of youngsters serving in furnished clashes at between 200 000-300 000.The UN detailed 57 equipped groups’ overall utilizing kid fighters. b) Where the human rights issue happens. Overall clashes that have included youngster officers include: * Srilanka * Uganda * Colombia * Myanmar * Iraq * Israel * Palestinian domains * Sudan In Uganda in excess of 30 000 kids have been gra bbed to fill in as warriors and slaves my lord’s opposition armed force (LRA); the young men are compelled to plunder and consume towns and to torment and murder neighbors; young ladies are assaulted or become sex slaves. c) The legitimate and non lawful reactions to kid warriors both incorporate universal and residential responses.Legal reactions: International reactions incorporate the Geneva shows, ‘laws of war’. Which is a progression of 4 settlements received somewhere in the range of 1864 and 1949 to manage the lead of furnished clash and endeavor to restrict its effects. these 4 arrangements incorporate; the principal Geneva show (1864) which secures injured and wiped out fighters ashore during war, the second Geneva show (1906) which ensures injured, debilitated and transport destroyed military faculty adrift during war, the third Geneva show (1929) which applies to detainees of ar and the fourth Geneva show (1949) which manages assurance to regular citiz ens, including an involved area. Likewise, extra conventions to the Geneva shows incorporates; the issue of youngster warriors being perceived and the base age for enlistment or use in equipped clash was set at 15 years for government and non-government parties.In expansion to these shows remember the show for the privileges of the kid (1989), the Rome rule of the worldwide criminal court (2002), the most exceedingly terrible types of kid work show (1999) and the UN Security Council (2004-2005). A case of these legitimate reactions in real life is the Thomas lubanga dyilo situation where he was blamed for recruiting kid officers to battle in equipped clash in the DRC during 2002 and 2002.Domestic reactions albeit restricted by state power incorporate the youngster fighters responsibility act which permitted the US to arraign people locally who have intentionally enrolled or filled in as kid troopers in or outside the nation. Different reactions incorporate the revision of the crimin al code act 1995 (cth) where two areas were added to the criminal code to condemn the utilization, induction or selection of youngsters as a piece of a worldwide or national outfitted clash. Non legitimate reactions: International reactions incorporate; the United Nations which screens the utilization of youngster fighters overall †the worldwide work association and unicef which assume a job in research and studies into the status of the issue, giving proposals to the UN and to part states and advancing the commitments of the arrangements on kids in outfitted clash †and the alliance to stop the utilization of kid officers which bargains a wide range of part associations with a typical reason for forestalling the enlistment and utilization of kids as warriors, making sure about the retirement of kid troopers and their reintegration into society.Domestic reactions incorporate residential NGOs, Groups or people and the media. Household NGOs center around issues identifying wi th kid warriors, especially in nations where enlistment of youngster troopers is a huge issue. For instance red hand day. Gatherings and people aid the recovery of previous youngster fighters, by assisting with moving their families, get once again into school, give professional preparing and return life. The media educates people in general about the presence and issues of kid fighters for instance the film blood precious stone focussed on the enlistment and utilization of kid warriors in jewel related clash territories. Kid Soldiers basic Analysis of the utilization of Child Soldiers in Liberia 5. 1 Introduction Generally expressed ,this paper looks to set up the job of kid troopers in the heightening of outfitted clash in Africa. The past sections have talked about the provincial outfitted clashes where youngster officers were utilized or are being utilized like the instance of DRC Congo. This section will fundamentally break down the utilization of youngster troopers in Liberia. There were roughly 120,000 youngster officers who were taking part in outfitted clashes in Africa. Out of these, roughly 24,000 were in the Liberian conflict.Liberia is anything but a poor nation. It has regular assets that could continue its evaluated populace of 3. 2 million individuals. The inquiry is the means by which the accessible assets was being used and how could it contribute in fuelling the contention. The accessibility of valuable minerals and hard wood timber in Liberia contributed enormously in raising and keep up the 14 years Liberian clash. The age of the kid trooper doesn't ensure their invulnerability from being conveyed the war zone in light of the fact that while most are in their adolescents, some are as youthful as seven years old.Being so delicate in age, they may begin as cooks, envoys, watchmen or monitors, yet frequently end up on the bleeding edges of battle. In Liberia, numerous young men some as youthful as nine or ten man checkpoints. The power that goes with the obligation gives them the free rein to hassle, plunder, threaten and in some cases, murder regular citizens. Keeping an eye on checkpoints gives a kid force and impact, regardless of whether he is twelve years of age. There have been occasions where fifteen or twenty young men man a checkpoint and the administrator is just ten years old.In arduous clashes, youngsters additionally become an esteemed asset. Kids who have grown up encircled by savagery consider this to be a perpetual lifestyle. Some having been stranded, they are left all alone and are frequently terrified, exhausted and baffled, leaving them with little choices however to battle. At the point when schools are shut and families divided, there are barely any impacts that can rival a warrior’s life. The human rights infringement that happen when youngsters are utilized in threats are not restricted to kid troopers murdering and being slaughtered or injured.Girls likewise are utilized as warriors, and fall casualties of assault and other sexual maltreatment. The human rights impacts are awful and extensive and have an effect on those kids straightforwardly worried as well as on the families and networks, and proceed with long after the threats have finished . Other than being the mainland that has the most elevated penchant for young ladies entering powers or gatherings through snatching or group squeezing, Africa is likewise the locale with the most noteworthy number of youngsters in outfitted restriction powers, numbering to roughl y 120,000.In expansion to being member in battle, young lady troopers are frequently required to perform sexual administrations. Sometimes, young ladies are in certainty principally enlisted or snatched as ‘wives’ or ‘concubines', a typical practice in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Among the normal jobs found in nations from each district of the world was the utilization of young lady warriors as watchmen, cooks or made to play out an assortment of local work, just as spies and pillagers in towns taken over by military or furnished restriction gatherings. 5. 2Why kids become kid soldiersThe factors which offer ascent to the cooperation of youngsters in struggle are mind boggling. No single model can either clarify all the variables, or framework a uniform system that will forestall kid enlistment, and empower methods for the grounding and social reintegration of kids who have taken part in strife. Most youngster officers are from poor or hindered areas of the general public in struggle. Youngsters, who live in the contention zones without anyone else are regularly enlisted. Likewise, those youngsters with disturbed families or no families at all are bound to become kid soldiers.In Liberia, kid warriors we frequently selected from evacuee camps in neighboring nations like Guinea, Ivory coast and Sierra Leone while others were enrolled from Internally Displaced Camps(IDP), inside Liberia. In the months following UNMIL’s organization on 1 October 2003, evaluation missions did by UNMIL and compassionate offices, including into zones of the nation up to this point out of reach, uncovered enormous quantities of harmed individuals, for the most part youngsters, which was reliable with the far reaching utilization of kid soldiers.The expansion of little arms in West Africa contributed significantly not exclusively to proceeding with strife and rehashed disappointment of progressive harmony understandings in the district, however has likewise ener gized and encouraged the enrollment and utilization of kid troopers, just as different genuine human rights maltreatment against the regular citizen populace. The boundless accessibility of present day lightweight weapons empowers even the most youthful youngster officer to utilize weapons efficiently.Technological improvement of arms today has produces arms weighing under seven pounds and cost economically but then so advance that even an uneducated offspring of ten could strip, reassemble, burden and discharge it. This simple information be that as it may, didn't make them talented officers. Despite what might be expected, they endure a lot higher setback rates than their grown-up partners, to a limited extent in light of their absence of development and experience that drives them to face pointless challenges. Their delicate bodies are progressively defenseless to inconveniences whenever harmed, and they are bound to become sick in the harsh states of military camps.Child warrior s are seen as increasingly extra an

20 Signs and Symptoms of ADHD in Girls

20 Signs and Symptoms of ADHD in Girls January 18, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Cindy Chung Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been thought of as a condition affecting males (think an energetic boy who has trouble sitting still during class). However, more girls are being diagnosed as the understanding of how the condition can present differently depending on sex deepens. Girls are more likely to have inattentive ADHD, in which daydreaming and shyness are common, whereas it is more typical for boys to have hyperactive-impulsive ADHD or combined presentation.?? Living with undiagnosed ADHD can result in many disadvantages,  such as a lack of accommodations in the classroom, low self-esteem, and self-blame. Gone undiagnosed, ADHD can even affect mental health well into adolescence and adulthood. Being aware of the different ways ADHD can present in your daughter can help you know when it might be time to see a doctor for an evaluation. Common Characteristics It is much easier to identify a child who is physically active and defiant as someone that would benefit from an ADHD evaluation than someone who seems distant or distracted.  In girls, ADHD signs and symptoms tend to have these underlying commonalities:?? Compensates for Inattention For many girls with ADHD, paying attention to the task at hand is their biggest challenge.  They can get distracted by external events or drift off into a world of their own.  For example, a bird outside a classroom window may take attention away from something more important in their environment, like a teacher announcing the date of an upcoming exam. To compensate, a girl with ADHD may hyperfocus on something she likes or is good at. She will put forth so much effort and concentration that parents or teachers may dismiss the possibility of ADHD. Sometimes this hyperfocus is a coping strategy to keep herself entertained when something is boring.  Other times, she may not feel she has any control over it. Always in Motion If a girl is hyperactive, she might be described as a tomboy because she likes physical activity and doesn’t seem to enjoy the typical things a girl her age does. She might also be in motion in less obvious ways, perhaps doodling constantly or moving around in her chair. Overly Sensitive and Has Problems With Impulse Control A girl with impulsivity can  be hyper-talkative and verbally impulsive,  interrupting others, talking excessively, or changing topics again and again during conversations. She might blurt out words without thinking about their impact on others. Some girls are described as overemotional, “drama queens,” and easily excitable. Symptoms of ADHD ADHD symptoms can manifest very differently in each child. You may have a boy who has been diagnosed with ADHD, but never considered that your daughter who is having trouble in school might also have it too because her issues seem so different from his. ADHD symptoms in girls are often thought of as characters of a girl’s personality rather than ADHD, which is why they are often overlooked or explained away. Signs to Be Aware of Not all girls with ADHD will exhibit all of the following signs and symptoms.?? Conversely, having one or two of these does not equal an ADHD diagnosis in and of itself. However, if your daughter seems to exhibit a few of these symptoms on a continual basis, a discussion with an experienced professional may be beneficial. Difficulty maintaining focus; easily distracted  Shifting focus from one activity to anotherDisorganized and  messy (in her appearance and physical space)Forgetful  Problems completing tasks  Daydreaming and in a world of her own  Takes time to process information and directions; seems like she doesnt hear youLooks to be making careless mistakesOften late (poor time management)  Hyper-talkative (always has lots to say,  but is not good at listening)Hyperreactivity (exaggerated emotional responses)Verbally impulsive; blurts out and interrupts othersSeems to get easily upset  Highly  sensitive to noise, fabrics, and emotionsDoesn’t seem motivatedDoesn’t appear to be trying  Seems shyAppears withdrawnCries easily  Might often slam her doors shut   Seeking Help If ADHD is diagnosed, it can be treated and managed.  Interventions can be put in place, including behavior management techniques, organizational strategies, medication, counseling, and support. Simply knowing she has ADHD can relieve a girl of a huge burden of guilt and shame.  It can also free her from the damaging labels of being “spacey,” “unmotivated,” “stupid,” or “lazy.” She is none of those things; she simply has ADHD. Strategies can be put in place to make life a little easier and her future much brighter.

Synthesis of 1-Bromobutane - 3057 Words

November 15, 2007 Synthesis of 1-Bromobutane Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol and sodium bromide. In order for this reaction to reach completion there are four major operations that need to be performed. The four major operations include refluxing, simple distillation, separation, and drying. To begin, in order for the compounds to react they will be dissolved in water and sulfuric acid will be added. The addition of sulfuric acid will then generate hydrobromic acid, an important product in the reaction mixture. The hydrobromic acid will react with the 1-butanol when heat is added to the flask during refluxing. Refluxing is the heating of a flask to boiling and then allowing†¦show more content†¦Reaction Mechanism: NaBr, H2SO4 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaHSO4 + H2O (1-Butanol) (1-Bromobutane) Flowchart: -Reflux for 30 minutes -Perform Simple Distillation -Simple Distillation -Infrared Spectroscopy Observations: • After adding sulfuric acid to the mixture of NaBr, 1-butanol, and water there was a brief yellow stream that appeared and then became clear. • After adding all four reactants and keeping the mixture cold a cloudy, white residue was present in the bottom of the flask. • A cold, wet pipe cleaner was then added to the top of the reaction flask to keep the column cold which caused no vapors to rise into the column. • When the heat was added to the flask the residue dissolved and the reactant mixture was clear. • Before boiling commenced two layers formed in the reaction flask. The bottom layer was slightly cloudier than the clear top layer. • As the mixture boiled the vapors rose slightly into the bottom ofShow MoreRelatedSynthesis of 1- Bromobutane an Sn2 Reaction1160 Words   |  5 PagesExperiment 13: Synthesis of 1- Bromobutane An SN2 Reaction Theory: One of the methods of preparing alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. Alcohols are inexpensive materials and easy to maintain. However, they are a poor leaving group the OH group is a problem in nucleophilic substitution, this problem is fixed by converting the alcohol into H2O. 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During the isolation of the n-butyl bromide, the crude product is washed with sulfuric acid, water, and sodium bicarbonate to remove any remaining acid or n-butyl alcohol. The primary alkyl halide halide n-butyl bromide is prepared by allowing n-butyl alcohol to react withRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Lab Report4021 Words   |  17 Pageskeeping methods used in research labs. Such methods are designed to organize experimental data in a format similar to that required for publication in major scientific journals. Here are some important considerations that apply in research settings. 1. Your work is unique, meaning that you might be the only person performing certain experiments. 2. Research is an ongoing process. The projects assigned to you will likely continue after you leave. People assigned to those projects will need to access

Confidentiality in Nursing Practice - 826 Words

The Importance of Confidentiality in Nursing Practice This essay will discuss why confidentiality is important within nursing practice and the reasons why a registered nurse and student nurse are accountable and to whom they are accountable to in relation to patient care. It will further discuss patient’s rights in relation to law. Definition of Confidentiality, Bailliere’s Dictionary (2005) â€Å"Spoken, written or given in confidence† With this in mind the Nursing Midwifery Council states: â€Å"As a registered Nurse, Midwife or Health†¦show more content†¦Consent can be quite tricky, a legal minefield for healthcare teams, this is due to the patients who will give or refuse to give private information about themselves who is legally competent butShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of The Nmc And The Code Of Practice919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe role Nursing and Midwifery Council plays in safeguarding the public and maintaining standard care within the UK. 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Rhetorical Devices in Great Gatsby Free Essays

Gatsby Essay Honors English II Asura Louise Osborne In the 1920’s, the world was full of new inventions, dances, and drinks. The standards of even the most rigorously structured social classes were changed, allowing the rich to cut loose and throw elaborate and entertaining parties. Every day, the world was changing for the better. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Devices in Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Author F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work â€Å"The Great Gatsby† reflects these ideas, communicating through various rhetorical devices that the world is a magical place, and that even in times of sadness, anything is possible. Prior to the Jazz Age, growing up was associated with a loss of happiness and hope. During the 20’s, however, this standard seemed to change, pushing the perception of adulthood into something magical and frivolous. Fitzgerald reflects this in the archetypal portrayal of a city, describing it as â€Å"in white heaps and sugar lumps†. White is an archetype for purity, innocence, and hope. It illuminates the hope that the young adults living in the 1920’s felt, as well as the innocent parties they danced at, innocent not because of what took place in them, but because they were blissfully unaware of the harsh realities that existed elsewhere in the world. Happiness is also communicated in the use of the word â€Å"sunlight†, because the sun is an archetype for energy and hope. Through the personification of the city â€Å"rising up†, it is illuminated that the roaring twenties came from seemingly nowhere, almost like a fairytale. The magic of the upper classes’ world was also portrayed in the hyperbole, â€Å"all built with a wish. † In reality, the city merely began as a wish, but Fitzgerald portrays it as something that sprung up from a thought. Potentially the most illuminatory literary device is the imagery in the sentence â€Å"its wild promise of all the mystery and the beauty in the world. † The picture painted is one of excitement, hope, and perhaps most importantly, the creation of a wonderful world borne from fancy. In times of loss, a traditional coping mechanism is bargaining. This is generally portrayed as â€Å"If I do such and such, so and so will come back. † It is usually a time when the bargainer believes in part that anything is possible. F. Scott Fitzgerald dives into that idea when Jay and Nick become part of a funeral procession. One way he communicates the idea that anything is possible is in the juxtaposition of life and death, â€Å"A dead man†¦in a hearse†¦heaped with blooms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His diction also illuminates this concept through the use of the word â€Å"blinds†, suggesting that most people are blind to the presence of possibility. In addition to diction and juxtaposition, Nick’s reaction to seeing blacks in an affluent setting also illuminates that Fitzgerald is communicating through him, â€Å"Anything can happen now†¦anything at all. † Even in the presence of a â€Å"somber holiday†, the world is still coming up with new possibilities. The world is ever changing, which is one thing that makes life on Earth so exciting. All of the changes that are present today really began in the 1920’s though, a time of new ideas and hopes. F. Scott Fitzgerald led America’s run head-first into the Jazz Age, and gave future generations a peek inside what life was like at the time with his novels. In his book, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, he uses many literary devices to illuminate the concepts that life is magical, and that even in times of sadness, the world is filling itself with new possibilities. How to cite Rhetorical Devices in Great Gatsby, Papers

Psychotherapy Essay Example

Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Research: Logotherapy Jonathan Guillen Langara College Abstract This paper is intended to describe and provide examples of logotherapy and where it came from. Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl and is used to help clients perceive their own life and try to find meaning for it. The process of logotherapy is based on the idea that our primary motivation to life is to find meaning. This Unique form of therapy uses the idea of meaning like no other therapy has. It has received generally positive criticism and is still in use today to help people deal with anxiety disorders. LOGOTHERAPY The term â€Å"Logotherapy,† which is founded by Viktor Frankl, is derived from the Greek word, â€Å"logos†, which means â€Å"meaning†. The word â€Å"therapy† deals with the treatment for disorders. Frankl’s concept is based on the idea that our primary motivation in life is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy was first published in 1938 Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy. During his early teenage years, Frankl became interested in psychology and even though he was in high school he also attended college psychology classes. He became interested in Sigmund Freud’s work and sent an article to him, titled â€Å"Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psycholanalyse† to which he accepted. But by the time it was published, Frankle was now influenced by Adler’s work. At 17, Frankl lectured at his college and discussed a topic on the meaning of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His two main points were that â€Å"life does not answer our questions about the meaning of life but rather puts those questions on us,† and â€Å"the ultimate meaning of life is beyond the grasp of our intellect, but is something we only can live by, without ever being able to define it cognitively† After Adler established his school of psychology around the same time the First World War ended, many people had the existential question of the meaning of life, which was of course what Frankl took advantage of. In 1930, new concepts and coined new terms, namely, Logotherapy. ‘With the rise of Hitler, Frankl was taken to a concentration camp. Although he was stripped of everything, during this time he managed to write his book Aerztliche Seelsorge, later published in English as â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul† had Frankl’s theories. The 3 tenets of Logotherapy were tested in the camps in which he was in. 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or a least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering. After his release, Frankl refined and strengthened the idea of Logotherapy. He worked at a hospital where he would practice his methods on patients Assumptions There are several assumptions in Logotherapy, which like any other form of psychotherapy, cannot be proven or disproven with any absolution. The Logotherapy Institute states that â€Å"to see if these assumptions make sense in our lives, we must assume that they are true. The following list is the assumptions of Logotherapy as listed on the Logotherapy Institute website. 1. â€Å"The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. 5. Life has a demand quality to which p eople must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. 6. The individual is unique. â€Å"The first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. Assumption two is â€Å"ultimate meaning†. This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When we see meaning we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning and this can be done nder any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was confined in the concentration camps. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the voice of our conscience. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. Key Concepts Frankls approach is based on three concepts: * Freedom of Will * Will to Meaning, * Meaning in Life Freedom of Will According to Logotherapy, we are free to make decisions and we are capable of taking our stance towards psychological and biological or social conditions. Freedom is defined by Logotherapy as the space of shaping ones own life within the limits of the given possibilities. Our freedom comes from the spiritual dimension of the person. As spiritual people, we are autonomous beings capable of actively shaping our lives. The idea of freedom of will plays an important role in psychotherapy, in that it provides clients with room for autonomous action even in the face of somatic or psychological illness. It will help them cope with their symptoms and will be able to take control of their lives and gain some determination to take control. Will to Meaning This concept describes humans as striving to achieve goals and finding a purpose. This is derived from the idea that our primary motivation is to find a meaning in life. If we cannot realize our Will to Meaning, we pose our existential questions and consider ourselves to be meaningless and feel a sense of emptiness. This frustration of the need to be able to find meaning and not being able to could lead to aggression, addiction, depression and possible suicide and could increase neurotic disorders. Logotherapy/Existential Analysis (LTEA) assists clients in perceiving and removing the factors that hold them back from pursuing meaningful goals in their lives. Clients are assisted in the perception of meaning potentials; clients are not offered specific meanings. Instead, they are guided and assisted in finding out their own meanings and purposes that could be possible for their own lives, on their own. Meaning in Life LTEA is based on the idea that meaning is not an illusion, but an actual obtainable substance. According to LTEA humans try their hardest to do the best for themselves and for their surroundings by finding a meaning in every situation of each moment. The meaning potentials are continually changing based on the current situation of a person. LTEA does not tell or offer a meaning to client, but instead, helps the client achieve the ability to shape their own lives in a meaningful way to help them find their own meaning in their own lives. Therapeutic techniques Paradoxical Intention Paradoxical Intention is used for those with compulsive disorders and anxiety disorders. The idea is to get the client to expose themselves intentionally or to wish for a situation that creates anxiety. This is used to break the cycle of a symptom that creates a symptom that is so feared that the anxiety rises, and thus, creates that very symptom one feared. A popular case study is the case of the sweating doctor: â€Å"A young doctor had severe hydrophobia. One day, meeting his chief on the street, as he extended his hand in greeting, he noticed that he was perspiring more than usual. The next time he was in a similar situation he expected to perspire again, and this anticipatory anxiety precipitated excessive sweating. It was a vicious circle †¦ We advised our patient, in the event that his anticipatory anxiety should recur, to resolve deliberately to show the people whom he confronted at the time just how much he could really sweat. A week later he returned to report that whenever he met anyone who triggered his anxiety, he said to himself, I only sweated out a litre before, but now Im going to pour out at least ten litres ! What was the result of this paradoxical resolution ? After suffering from his phobia for four years, he was quickly able, after only one session, to free himself of it for good. (from Pyschotherapy and Existentialism, p 139)† Dereflexion Dereflexion is used for those with Sexual disorders and sleeplessness and also for anxiety disorders. The aim of this technique is to get the client to obtain focus on something different than the problem, presumably, something more positive or meaningful. For example, if the client is not able to sleep and they try too hard to fall asleep that it is keeping them awake, their thoughts must be diverted. Socratic dialogue / modification of attitudes Socratic dialogue is often used by logotherapists, they use this to help the client be aware of, at least, the possibility to fine the freedom to find and/or fulfill the meaning in life. Logotherapy and Other Therapies Psychoanalysis In Psychoanalysis Adler and Freud both focus on the past problems whereas Logotherapy   focuses   rather on the future, that is to say,   on   the   meanings   to   be   fulfilled   in   his future† (Frankl, 1984, p. 120). Psychoanalysis also focuses on the â€Å"Will to Power† and the â€Å"Will to pleasure† whereas Frankl believes that the main striving for mankind is to find a meaning, and pleasure is merely what happens when one finds meaning. Existential Logotherapy is often considered to be part of existential analysis because they both deal with guiding a patient when existential questions are asked. Logotherapy helps the client find the â€Å"hidden logo of his existence. † (Frankl, 1984, p. 125) this is said to be an analytical approach; however, there is a difference. Logotherapy is a spiritual oriented approach whereas existential is an analytical process in which the clients spiritual needs are addressed. Person-Centered Therapy It is claimed by many, that logotherapy is a person-centered therapy that focuses heavily on the future Gestalt Therapy Gestalt is similar in that it is existential therapy, but it also incorporates phenomenological approaches. Gestalt is based on the idea that people must be â€Å"understood in the context of their environment. †(Gerald Corey, 2009, p198) Gestalt focuses on the perceptions of reality, as well as the idea that people are always discovering themselves and life, based on their environment. Logotherapy focuses only on the meaning of life to cure current problems and have a better future. Criticism Logotherapy has been mostly favourable by psychologists. Some strengths of logotherapy include the inspiration of Frankl’s life. If people understood what experiences he had during the holocaust, people would be able to find hope in smaller istuations. Logotherapy is simple to understand, and could really change ones life and enhance it. It speaks mostly of meaning, which is not usually addressed in most other therapies. There have a been very few negative criticisms, including that logotherapy may be too authoritarian, not scientific enough, based on intuition, and not enough things are covered, so some may call it too narrow as well. Some have said that it is only an excuse for Frankl for not being able to deal with people with existential problems