Psychotherapy Essay Example

Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Research: Logotherapy Jonathan Guillen Langara College Abstract This paper is intended to describe and provide examples of logotherapy and where it came from. Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl and is used to help clients perceive their own life and try to find meaning for it. The process of logotherapy is based on the idea that our primary motivation to life is to find meaning. This Unique form of therapy uses the idea of meaning like no other therapy has. It has received generally positive criticism and is still in use today to help people deal with anxiety disorders. LOGOTHERAPY The term â€Å"Logotherapy,† which is founded by Viktor Frankl, is derived from the Greek word, â€Å"logos†, which means â€Å"meaning†. The word â€Å"therapy† deals with the treatment for disorders. Frankl’s concept is based on the idea that our primary motivation in life is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy was first published in 1938 Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy. During his early teenage years, Frankl became interested in psychology and even though he was in high school he also attended college psychology classes. He became interested in Sigmund Freud’s work and sent an article to him, titled â€Å"Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psycholanalyse† to which he accepted. But by the time it was published, Frankle was now influenced by Adler’s work. At 17, Frankl lectured at his college and discussed a topic on the meaning of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His two main points were that â€Å"life does not answer our questions about the meaning of life but rather puts those questions on us,† and â€Å"the ultimate meaning of life is beyond the grasp of our intellect, but is something we only can live by, without ever being able to define it cognitively† After Adler established his school of psychology around the same time the First World War ended, many people had the existential question of the meaning of life, which was of course what Frankl took advantage of. In 1930, new concepts and coined new terms, namely, Logotherapy. ‘With the rise of Hitler, Frankl was taken to a concentration camp. Although he was stripped of everything, during this time he managed to write his book Aerztliche Seelsorge, later published in English as â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul† had Frankl’s theories. The 3 tenets of Logotherapy were tested in the camps in which he was in. 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or a least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering. After his release, Frankl refined and strengthened the idea of Logotherapy. He worked at a hospital where he would practice his methods on patients Assumptions There are several assumptions in Logotherapy, which like any other form of psychotherapy, cannot be proven or disproven with any absolution. The Logotherapy Institute states that â€Å"to see if these assumptions make sense in our lives, we must assume that they are true. The following list is the assumptions of Logotherapy as listed on the Logotherapy Institute website. 1. â€Å"The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. 5. Life has a demand quality to which p eople must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. 6. The individual is unique. â€Å"The first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. Assumption two is â€Å"ultimate meaning†. This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When we see meaning we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning and this can be done nder any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was confined in the concentration camps. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the voice of our conscience. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. Key Concepts Frankls approach is based on three concepts: * Freedom of Will * Will to Meaning, * Meaning in Life Freedom of Will According to Logotherapy, we are free to make decisions and we are capable of taking our stance towards psychological and biological or social conditions. Freedom is defined by Logotherapy as the space of shaping ones own life within the limits of the given possibilities. Our freedom comes from the spiritual dimension of the person. As spiritual people, we are autonomous beings capable of actively shaping our lives. The idea of freedom of will plays an important role in psychotherapy, in that it provides clients with room for autonomous action even in the face of somatic or psychological illness. It will help them cope with their symptoms and will be able to take control of their lives and gain some determination to take control. Will to Meaning This concept describes humans as striving to achieve goals and finding a purpose. This is derived from the idea that our primary motivation is to find a meaning in life. If we cannot realize our Will to Meaning, we pose our existential questions and consider ourselves to be meaningless and feel a sense of emptiness. This frustration of the need to be able to find meaning and not being able to could lead to aggression, addiction, depression and possible suicide and could increase neurotic disorders. Logotherapy/Existential Analysis (LTEA) assists clients in perceiving and removing the factors that hold them back from pursuing meaningful goals in their lives. Clients are assisted in the perception of meaning potentials; clients are not offered specific meanings. Instead, they are guided and assisted in finding out their own meanings and purposes that could be possible for their own lives, on their own. Meaning in Life LTEA is based on the idea that meaning is not an illusion, but an actual obtainable substance. According to LTEA humans try their hardest to do the best for themselves and for their surroundings by finding a meaning in every situation of each moment. The meaning potentials are continually changing based on the current situation of a person. LTEA does not tell or offer a meaning to client, but instead, helps the client achieve the ability to shape their own lives in a meaningful way to help them find their own meaning in their own lives. Therapeutic techniques Paradoxical Intention Paradoxical Intention is used for those with compulsive disorders and anxiety disorders. The idea is to get the client to expose themselves intentionally or to wish for a situation that creates anxiety. This is used to break the cycle of a symptom that creates a symptom that is so feared that the anxiety rises, and thus, creates that very symptom one feared. A popular case study is the case of the sweating doctor: â€Å"A young doctor had severe hydrophobia. One day, meeting his chief on the street, as he extended his hand in greeting, he noticed that he was perspiring more than usual. The next time he was in a similar situation he expected to perspire again, and this anticipatory anxiety precipitated excessive sweating. It was a vicious circle †¦ We advised our patient, in the event that his anticipatory anxiety should recur, to resolve deliberately to show the people whom he confronted at the time just how much he could really sweat. A week later he returned to report that whenever he met anyone who triggered his anxiety, he said to himself, I only sweated out a litre before, but now Im going to pour out at least ten litres ! What was the result of this paradoxical resolution ? After suffering from his phobia for four years, he was quickly able, after only one session, to free himself of it for good. (from Pyschotherapy and Existentialism, p 139)† Dereflexion Dereflexion is used for those with Sexual disorders and sleeplessness and also for anxiety disorders. The aim of this technique is to get the client to obtain focus on something different than the problem, presumably, something more positive or meaningful. For example, if the client is not able to sleep and they try too hard to fall asleep that it is keeping them awake, their thoughts must be diverted. Socratic dialogue / modification of attitudes Socratic dialogue is often used by logotherapists, they use this to help the client be aware of, at least, the possibility to fine the freedom to find and/or fulfill the meaning in life. Logotherapy and Other Therapies Psychoanalysis In Psychoanalysis Adler and Freud both focus on the past problems whereas Logotherapy   focuses   rather on the future, that is to say,   on   the   meanings   to   be   fulfilled   in   his future† (Frankl, 1984, p. 120). Psychoanalysis also focuses on the â€Å"Will to Power† and the â€Å"Will to pleasure† whereas Frankl believes that the main striving for mankind is to find a meaning, and pleasure is merely what happens when one finds meaning. Existential Logotherapy is often considered to be part of existential analysis because they both deal with guiding a patient when existential questions are asked. Logotherapy helps the client find the â€Å"hidden logo of his existence. † (Frankl, 1984, p. 125) this is said to be an analytical approach; however, there is a difference. Logotherapy is a spiritual oriented approach whereas existential is an analytical process in which the clients spiritual needs are addressed. Person-Centered Therapy It is claimed by many, that logotherapy is a person-centered therapy that focuses heavily on the future Gestalt Therapy Gestalt is similar in that it is existential therapy, but it also incorporates phenomenological approaches. Gestalt is based on the idea that people must be â€Å"understood in the context of their environment. †(Gerald Corey, 2009, p198) Gestalt focuses on the perceptions of reality, as well as the idea that people are always discovering themselves and life, based on their environment. Logotherapy focuses only on the meaning of life to cure current problems and have a better future. Criticism Logotherapy has been mostly favourable by psychologists. Some strengths of logotherapy include the inspiration of Frankl’s life. If people understood what experiences he had during the holocaust, people would be able to find hope in smaller istuations. Logotherapy is simple to understand, and could really change ones life and enhance it. It speaks mostly of meaning, which is not usually addressed in most other therapies. There have a been very few negative criticisms, including that logotherapy may be too authoritarian, not scientific enough, based on intuition, and not enough things are covered, so some may call it too narrow as well. Some have said that it is only an excuse for Frankl for not being able to deal with people with existential problems

Mobile Money Transfer as an alternative product for Vodafone Group Plc

Mobile Money Transfer as an alternative product for Vodafone Group Plc The paper seeks to justify a Mobile Money Transfer (MMT) as an alternative product for Vodafone Group Plc. The company is multinational with headquarters in London. It is a leading telecommunications company based on 2011 annual revenue and subscriptions (439 million).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Money Transfer as an alternative product for Vodafone Group Plc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vodafone offers information technology and mobile phone services to its customers in over sixty-five countries. In addition, Vodafone Group has 45 per cent shares in Verizon wireless. Verizon wireless is the leading mobile telecommunications company in the US. Vodafone has been chosen to implement the MMT product because of its wide customer base and its ability to set a side enough resources to implement, test, launch and market the product. Its wider customer base is important because many people across the world wil l be able to enjoy the product and its benefits (Morawczynski, 2008). MMT is an electronic product that helps the consumer to electronically send and receive money on a mobile phone. Consumers will register their simcards with Vodafone using their national IDs or pass ports. After registration, an MMT menu will be up dated on the customer’s phone. Registered customers will be able to send and receive money, pay bills, loans, and utilities and also buy air time. Customers can also access their commercial bank accounts if they register their mobile numbers with their banks. To withdraw money from a mobile account, the customer approaches an agent and initiates the transaction through an agent code. The customer and the agent then receive a message that a specific amount of money has been withdrawn. The agent then gives the customer the specified amount of money and the transaction is completed. To deposit the money in the mobile account, the customer approaches the agent with t he amount of money they want to deposit, the agent deposits the money and both receive a confirmation message (Hughes Lonie, 2007). MMT is a cheap, safe and quick way of sending and receiving money. MMT saves the customer the trouble of having to make long queues in the bank to deposit or withdraw money. Customers are also able to make instant payments for services and goods by using the MMT. The company on the other hand benefits by acquiring and retaining customers, extending the range of its products and improve relationship with consumers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To successfully launch the product, Vodafone will hire competent IT specialists to update the main server to accommodate MMT. The company will also replace existing simcards with those that have MMT menu. Finally the company will recruit and register agents all over the country. Vodafone shoul d target supermarkets, banks and other places where people mainly handle cash. MMT is a pretty new idea and very little secondary sources of information are available. However, the company will benefit in a big way by visiting the libraries of affiliated companies like Safaricom. Their websites would provide very important information. Other sources of credible information about feasibility of mobile banking include the websites of Equity Bank Limited. The library and archive of Equity bank are also rich with information. Information on MMT can be verified by carrying out a research to reveal its practical features and sustainability. As stated earlier, MMT is a relatively new product in the market and not many people could be able to verify though it is highly implementable. The best way to verify MMT is to begin with a small pilot project carried out within the Vodafone staff. References Hughes, N. Lonie, S. (2007). M-PESA: Mobile Money for the Unbanked: Turning Cellphones into 2 4-Hour Tellers in Kenya. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization. Cape Town University, 2(2), 63–81. Morawczynski, O. (2008). Surviving in the Dual System: How M-PESA is Fostering Urban-to-Rural Remittances in a Kenyan Slum. HCC8 journal, 12 (3), 1-2.

ACT Score Decrease How Much Can It Drop and Why

ACT Score Decrease How Much Can It Drop and Why SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips How much can an ACT score drop by? How likely is it your ACT score will decrease if you retake the test? Or are you wondering why your ACT score went down on a recent retake? Find out how likely an ACT decrease is, how big that ACT score decrease could be, and how to make sure your score goes up, not down! Read on if you have a retake in store. How Likely Is an ACT Score Decrease? The ACT has provided some data about how likely score decreases are when you retake the test. Of the students who took the ACT more than once: 57% increased their Composite score 21% had no change in their Composite score 22% decreased their Composite score Stats via the ACT Student website. So the odds are your ACT score will go up, but that is far from a guarantee. In fact, the odds are roughly 55/45 between your score going up or your score staying the same or decreasing. So if you retake the ACT, it’s almost as likely your score will stay the same or decrease rather than increase. This means you absolutely can’t slack when studying for a retake! Reasons for an ACT Composite Score Decrease The reasons your ACT score could decrease will depend on how much it decreases by. There is, after all, a big difference between going from a 28 to a 27 than a 28 to a 23. We'll discuss the reasons behind different ACT score drops. Statistically Likely Drops (Up to 3 Composite Points Down) A small step down for your score, a giant step down for your ego. Although you’re probably eager to discover the reason your score went down on your retake, it may be that you got lucky the first time you took the ACT. Maybe the first test went especially well for you – you did better with timing than normal, picked up extra points with guesses, had a great test center, and felt pretty comfortable with all of the reading passages and questions. Your first ACT score might have actually been a bit higher than you actually should have scored, so the second test is just a correction of your first score. However, it's also quite possible to run into worse luck on your retake. Even slight score changes could cause your overall composite score to decrease. For example, even if you did slightly better on two sections of the ACT, if you ran into bad luck and struggled with the two other sections, your composite could decrease. As an example, check out the following two hypothetical ACT scores. Even though this student improved their English and Science scores, bigger drops in Reading and Math caused their overall composite score to decrease. Test 1: 26 English, 27 Math, 29 Reading, 27 Science (Composite: 27) Test 2: 27 English, 24 Math, 25 Reading, 28 Science (Composite: 26) It’s not unheard of at all to see drops like 27 to 24 Math or 29 to 25 Reading. By losing just 4 or 5 raw points on each section, you could see a decrease like that. And you could easily lose that many raw points if you lose track of timing, or run into a tough Reading passage you don’t gel with, or Math questions you find more challenging. In short, even small changes in luck could have a big effect on your score. Also, did you study enough? The less you study for your retake, the more susceptible you’ll be to bad luck, struggling with timing, or having a hard time with test questions. It may be you studied a bunch before you took the ACT for the first time, but underestimated the time you would need to spend for the retake, so your score decreased. And how did you study? Were you timing yourself carefully? Analyzing your mistakes? Focusing on weak spots? If you just lazily reviewed some concepts you missed the first time or went through practice sections without recreating test conditions, your studying might not have been effective enough to raise your score. Finally, think about outside factors: Was your test center significantly worse the second time around? Were there unclear instructions from the proctor? Was your test center too hot or cold? (Read more about bad test centers and what to do about them here). Or were you sick or otherwise unfocused on your retake day? (Remember to also consider the reverse: were conditions especially good on your first ACT date and just average on your second one?) Any one of these factors or a combination of them could easily be enough to cause a composite score to decrease by 1 to 3 points. Large Score Drops (More than 3, Less than 5 Composite Points) You dropped the ball. If your ACT composite falls by this much, you likely have a more serious issue that you need to identify. Maybe you’re using a new strategy that just isn’t working for you – like trying to read through the reading and science passages first before reading the questions or plugging in the answers instead of solving with algebra on the math section. If a strategy is causing you to lose more than 5 raw points on a section, that could bring down your score enough to make your composite fall by 3 to 5 points. It's possible you didn't study at all (or only studied a little) before your ACT retake, thinking you could wing it. This would leave you wide open to struggling with timing, unexpectedly tough questions, or other bad luck on test day. Or maybe you were particularly sick or unfocused on your second test day, or your test center had serious problems. Regardless, you need to figure out what went wrong before attempting another retake! Very Large Drops (More than 5 Composite Points) A very serious issue is occurring if your score drops by this much. Maybe something was egregiously wrong with your test center, you filled in answers one line off for a whole section, or you were particularly sick or unfocused. Okay, so a 7-point ACT score drop probably isn't quite as dramatic as the Hindenburg disaster, but it may feel that way to you! First of all, examine your composite and section scores to see where the drops were. This will help you figure out where the problem occurred. Compare these two hypothetical students to see what we mean: Student A Test 1: English 29, Math 26, Reading 32, Science 30 (Composite: 29) Test 2: English 25, Math 18, Reading 26, Science 24 (Composite: 23) This student experienced big point drops in every section, leading to a much lower final composite score. Due to the drops in all sections, something must have happened with overall test strategy, for instance struggling with pacing or using a bad guessing strategy. It's also possible the test center was particularly bad, or the student was feeling quick sick. In short, the student needs to figure out what it was that caused their overall performance to suffer so much. Student B Test 1: English 29, Math 30, Reading 31, Science 30 (Composite: 30) Test 2: English 28, Math 15, Reading 29, Science 28 (Composite: 25) This student had a super large drop on one section (Math 30 to Math 15) and smaller, statistically likely drops on other sections. This means that, obviously, something went way wrong on math – maybe on this section the student started bubbling their answers one line off, resulting in a slew of wrong answers. It’s also possible that maybe the student implemented a new strategy on Math that turned out to be disastrous. But in this case, since the other sections weren’t affected, it’s less likely the problem was due to the test center, a bad overall test-taking strategy, or illness. This student needs to figure out what went wrong in Math. Finally, if you experience a 5-point composite drop or larger, you should consider the possibility your test was mis-scored. If you can't figure out any other logical reason your score would have dropped by so much, you might consider ACT’s hand-scoring service to find out for sure. How to Prevent a Score Decrease Given that your ACT composite score could easily decrease or remain the same if you retake the test, how can you make sure your score goes up? Follow our advice to make sure you don't waste your ACT retake. 1. Focus on Your Weak Points When studying for your retake, spend plenty of time studying for the section (or sections) you got the lowest scores on the first time. You want to make sure you get the points you missed the first time around. For example, if your Math score was a 24 and all your other sections were between 28 and 30, you would definitely want to make sure to improve your Math score to improve your overall composite. If you can make sure you earn points you missed on your first test, you’re reducing the chances of a score decrease. Not sure where to start? Here are some resources to help tackle a weak subject area or two. English The Best Prep Books for ACT English The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Should Use More guides from grammar rules to diction errors Math How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Math Plugging in Answers: A Crucial Strategy More guides on everything from fractions to statistics Reading The Best Way to Practice ACT Reading Questions The Four Types of ACT Reading Passages You Should Know How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Reading More fine-grained guides from comparison passages to author intent Science A Complete Guide to ACT Science 9 Reasons You're Missing ACT Science Questions ACT Science Strategies You Should Be Using 2. Don’t Neglect Your Strong Areas Even if you fix your weak spots, it’s not unlikely that your highest section could go down if you don't study for it. In other words, think of this as preserving the points you earned on your first round of the ACT. Even if you manage to raise the score on your weakest section, if your other section scores decrease – by even just a point or two! – your composite could decrease or stay the same. Check out the hypothetical ACT scores below to see what we mean: Test 1: English 28, Math 24, Reading 30, Science 29 (Composite: 28) Test 2: English 27, Math 27, Reading 28, Science 27 (Composite: 27) Even though this student brought up Math, their lowest section, from 24 to 27, the slight score decreases on other sections caused their composite score to fall. This means you need to be practicing for the entire test, even your strong sections, to guarantee a composite score increase. Being prepared for the test as a whole is the best way to shield yourself from ACT composite decreases. So how can you prepare for the ACT as a whole? Use complete practice tests, time yourself strictly, and understand how the test is scored. Also look into getting a strong overall ACT prep book to help you study. 3. Practice, Practice, Practice Even though you've taken the ACT once before, that doesn't mean you don't have to practice much before your retake. In fact, you may want to consider practicing even more than you did before your first ACT! The more consistent you can be, the better. Practice will reduce the score variation caused by harder/easier test questions or good/bad luck on test day. Think of it this way: any challenge you encounter in practice is one you will be prepared for on test day. Whether that’s an extra-hard math question, a tricky reading passage, or personal fatigue, learning how to deal with challenges in practice can help you achieve your target score on test day. Use strict timing whenever you study, and aim to consistently hit your target score on each section. Also, be ruthless about analyzing your mistakes – don’t just note your wrong answers, figure out why you got them wrong and how to make sure you won’t ever make the same mistake again. (Read more about how you should be analyzing your mistakes.) 4. Logistics In addition to adopting a smart study plan, you also want to make sure outside factors don’t mess with your ACT retake score. Make sure you’re using the best test center for you. Also, be sure that you’re getting enough sleep and following the guidelines to be ready the morning of the test. Finally, give yourself enough time before a retake – if you rush to retake the ACT on the next possible test date, you might not give yourself enough time to practice and improve. Make sure you give yourself enough time to study and prepare for your ACT retake! What’s Next? Check out ACT tips from our resident 36 full-scorer. If you can incorporate all these tips, the odds of your score decreasing will go WAY down! Learn more about how the ACT is scored to know how many questions you need to get correct for a score increase. Also read about ACT timing so you can be efficient about your time per question. Need motivation to study for your ACT retake? Discover scholarships you can earn for high ACT scores. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Quality Management at Toyota Motor Co Term Paper

Quality Management at Toyota Motor Co - Term Paper Example Most of the organisations use the standard based on ISO 9000. There is certain quality control models developed for automobile industry in various countries namely VDA for Germany, AVSQ for Italy and QS-9000 for US automobile industry among others. Since 1951, Japan offers Deming-Award for Quality Management (FinePrint, n.d.). Quality Management Based On ISO 9000 Source: (Comite euro-international du beton, 1998). 1. Brief Historical Background Toyota Motor Company is a renowned name in the automobile industry of the present world. Toyota manufactures vehicles as well as automobile-related products, such as engines, car air-conditioning compressors and car electronics components. Toyota achieved its success by applying its innovative idea of ‘lean marketing’. The aim of lean marketing is to offer additional values to the end customers (Morrison, 2011). Toyota established Toyota Motors Pvt. Ltd. in the year 1937 in Japan. In the year of 1938, production began in Honsha Pl ant. From 1959, with the initiation of Motamachi plant, the company started focusing on its quality performance that rewarded it Deming Application Prize in the year of 1965. Led by certain mergers and acquisitions, the company always focuses on the quality and comfort of its customers. Toyota Motor Company has diversified its business over the years throughout the world. In 2002, it entered into the domain of Formula One World Championship. It has taken several initiatives with respect to the quality control issues as well as for the environment. It has implemented advanced technology to manage the quality. The company has taken initiative for utilising hydrogen as alternative fuel, providing plug-in vehicles among others. The philosophy of the company is to serve customers at prompt and to satisfy the customers with enhanced quality. Toyota has its own experts to check the quality of the vehicles in various situations in order to ensure the customer safety. Toyota has put emphasis on ‘traffic safety education’ since the 1960s and never intends to compromise on the quality of vehicle. Toyota recommends safety driving lecture sessions in support of drivers as well as ‘traffic safety education’ activities designed for teenagers (Moneycontrol.com, 2007). Toyota fulfils its corporate social responsibilities (CSR) by offering safe and reliable vehicles to its customer. The automobile industry is facing newer challenges day-by-day. There are certain factors for which companies face newer challenges that can create higher demand like globalisation and increasing competition along with others. In addition, there are safety requirements and environmental commitments which have a major influence of Toyota’s operations. In the present context, customers are not satisfied with standardised vehicles; they want their personal requirements to be incorporated by the company in the vehicles that they want to purchase. Thus, Toyota has to take into consideration the needs of customers in commensurate with the quality standards of the vehicle and has to ensure that quality standards do not deter due to the added features. Toyota’s fundamental philosophy depends on five values that assemble its employees towards corporate course of action with the intention to support further development, are indicated in given figure.

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken Essay

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken new forms - Essay Example Discrimination comes in varied forms including discrimination against sex, color, ethnicity, religion and social status. These terms are used differently whereby others include prejudice by the Americans; hence making observations of racial distinctions as racism (Mullings (2005, p. 49). Therefore, racism in the UK has not disappeared but instead it has taken new forms and this is because of varied aspects including globalization, capitalism and political processes. How racism has Taken New Forms in the 21st Century in the UK Racism in the UK has not disappeared completely but rather taken new forms in varied ways. As the world moves forward into in the 21st century, there are rapid widespread confusion and changes about the meaning of race and this results due to rapid globalization. Globilisation, which is caused by rapid technological advancement, has been viewed as the cause for widespread confusion and the cause for new forms of racism (Reilly, Stephen and Angela 97). After the destruction of the European colonialism that gave rise to the civil rights movements and the surge for immigration due to globalization, the issue of race became the core subject (Enomoto and Genevieve 55). This contributed to a more critical analysis and creation of awareness of race, but focusing primarily on discrimination and prejudices (Darity 56). Extensive concepts of racial themes from both traditional and modern theorists have been applied in racial issues. The rapid globalization has contributed to varied changes due to modernization; thus racism has tended to remain a global issue even in the post-colonial period. Racism has also become popular, but it has emerged with new concepts and increased drastically; hence heightening the controversy over the meaning of race. Kundnani (41) argues that British racism is well understood not only by the context of conditions, in Britain but also through the global factors. Globilisation has been the key aspect for the rampart new for ms of racism, in the UK. The author combines historical perspective with the assessment of current conditions such as the postwar immigration and the evolution of International Monetary Fund structural programs in the third world. Globilisation is the main cause for increased migrations, asylum and new evolution of markets. For instance, the author reveals the way asylums have been treated differently, and this is through making conditions difficult or unattractive for them. Kundnani (39) reveals the way anthropologists have attempted to link between modernization period and race. Other anthropologists argue that race has not vanished but it has been profoundly influenced by political process. The so-called classical theorists of sociology were concerned by offering an explanation on the emergence of modernity in Europe and the way these led to varied changes in the society. They understood the consequences of modernity and understood the meaning of the increased capitalism in the s ociety (Chowdhry and Sheila 71). Racial theme became the central theme after the dawn of capitalism and the problem of dealing with the social problems emerged. Hence, varied changes among the nations and cultural understandings about the meaning of race have been explained by using comparative approaches (Gioseff 47). Additionally, in the new 21st century where there are new political processes, racism has not disappeared but changes; thus forming a new form. The political process

The Benefits Of Antivirus Protection

The Benefits Of Antivirus Protection This report presents antivirus protection, its definition and different types of. It shows how it is important of this program to protect computer. Because attacker spread viruses around the world, people need strong and effective antivirus program to prevent their computers from these viruses. In this report, will be mentioned the idea of antivirus protection types, how its work and which methods use and benefits of this program. A  computer virus  is a  computer program  that can copy itself and infect a computer. It is also used to refer to other types of  malware, including to  adware  and  spyware  programs that do not have the reproductive ability. In fact, the world has witnessed great development in the computer world and most of businesses have become highly dependent on the computer. Since most computers are now connected to the Internet it is increasing the chance for spreading these viruses which necessitated the presence of powerful software to protect computers from these threats. Antivirus software is a simple tool to use, but it has a large effect. It search on your computer for malicious files, viruses and spyware that are hidden somewhere. The Antivirus (or anti-virus) software is a program that used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Such programs may also prevent and remove adware, spyware, and other forms of malware. These software scan throw the PC of the computer looking for viruses to remove it before the virus start to damage the computer files. There are different types of Antivirus software that have been developed over the years to keep up with the current virus issue such as Conventional Disk Scanner, Memory Resident Scanners, Behavior Based Detection and Start up Scanners. Some of this software can be run upon the users request and others are designed to be run every time the PC id booted up (types of antivirus). 1 of 4 Top Antivirus There is a lot of Antivirus software, but they are not built with the same power. The most powerful Antivirus software is the Shield Deluxe 2011- Antivirus Protection. This antivirus company protects tens of millions of home and business users across the globe. You can set your computer to update viruses weekly and run a complete virus scan. The system can be restored after malicious activity. It controls the status of the system registry and notifies users of any suspicious objects. The second powerful antivirus software is the Trend Micro Titanium Antivirus 2011. It provides complete and easy to use protection from Internet-threats. Then the Norton Antivirus 2011 come after which provide fast, responsive defense against all types of malicious software. The new Norton Protection System employs a multilayered set of security technologies that work to detect, identify, and block attacks. There is also the Panda Antivirus 2011 which is a good choice for windows that keeps the computer protected from any Internet threats. More over there is the Zone Alarm Antivirus software which is the best virus protection with significantly enhanced detection and removal capabilities. There are also the ESET NOD32 Antivirus and mthe Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2011 which are good on protecting (best antivirus software). How antivirus program work 2 of 4 Antivirus programs are designed to protect computer systems from viruses. These programs provide two levels of functionality when protecting against viruses which are real time protection and scanning of files stored on computer drives or disks (Anti-virus). Antivirus programs can detect viruses by two ways. First way is Footprint of virus program and this method is a common method that used to identify viruses. Footprint is the pattern of data that include file. The purpose of this method is comparing the virus footprint with a library of known footprints that match viruses. Also when using this method, viruses must be as viruses and then added to the library of footprints. Footprint of virus program has a one disadvantage. There is a time period when the virus is released to when the library of known footprints is updated.  Virus will not be recognized during this period and it could affect computer. In addition, Characteristics of program is the second way to detect virus es from computer. This method called heuristic scanning and it examines the actions that the program attempts to take or may attempt to take.  It looks at the type of system function calls that included in the executable code. It looks if this calls too suspicious, may flag the program as a possible virus and ask for user intervention. As footprint method, characteristics of program have a disadvantage which is that there is no time period when the computer is not protected after specific viruses are released (Anti-virus, n.d). Benefits of Antivirus Protection Downloading or buying any antivirus software program give chance for people to buy any desktop or laptop. Antivirus program is the best safe measure to stop and minimize risk and any effects. There are various levels of security protection for PCs and they depend on the particular antivirus program offered by trusted vendors. However, there are many benefits that all antivirus programs offer. First of all, it thwarts any virus that related damage. Any antivirus program helps to prevent damaging operating system and other functionalities of the PC from any virus that PC attached. Second, antivirus program maintains PCs security. This happens by updating antivirus package or creating a firewall to improve a PCs overall security. It helps to keep operation system running and internet resource  accessing and browsing experience. Third, all antivirus programs protect data and information. All information, critical data, presentations, files, documents, photos, and other material stored in the computer are secured from virus attacks infections. Finally, antivirus programs protect financial saving. Any unprotected or less protected PC is easy to attack from viruses. With effective antivirus program that protect the PC, you dont need help from technical support and loss a lot of money (Benefits of Antivirus Protection, n.d). Conclusion In sum up, the use of antivirus program is protecting computers from viruses attack. It helps to prevent data and information to be attacked. Antivirus program is software that installing to computer and use to scan PC to search any viruses can damage the computer. There are different types of Antivirus software that developed to use for production. There are many powerful antivirus programs that built with high quality of protection like Norton and MacAfee. Furthermore, this program can detect any virus by two ways which are footprint and characteristics. This kind of program has many benefits of using, it helps to prevent any virus that related damage to computer maintain CPs security and protect data and information. 3 of 4

Different children Essay

For my work experience I worked in St. Joseph’s Nursery with a lot of different children with different abilities. I thoroughly enjoyed my experience both with my colleagues and the children; I will never forget the experience I had. I organized the work experience placement myself; I always knew I was going to work with children or in a school because it is one of the careers I am looking into. Before I started my work experience I was extremely nervous because I never knew what it was going to be like. I know I would have to be patient with the children, be polite, respectful and use general manners. I hoped I would have enjoyed the experience and I was hoping to get a lot of experience from my work placement for the future. The actual job which I was doing was helping out around the nursery and playing with the children. I also helped make cookies and icing because I was the only person which could make icing correctly. I also helped prepare for an inspection which was taken place one day, I created a PowerPoint and run it during the inspection. On my first day I was extremely nervous but also very excited. I meet my boss or the person which would look after for the time I was there which was the nursery school teacher. From the first time I met the Fran (the nursery teacher) I immediately knew we would get on and I really enjoyed the friendship we made during the time I spent with her. Another person who looked after me was Kim, the nursery helper and special needs teacher. Kim was lovely and fortunately I knew her before because she is my mum’s friend so I felt calmer when I knew something there already. The special event that was happening in nursery was a teddy’s bear picnic, which to you and me doesn’t seem like a big deal but the 3 and 4year olds it is like winning the lottery. The day before I left was the teddy’s bear picnic and it was amazing to see all these adorable children carrying huge teddy’s into nursery and the smile on their faces, you could tell straight away how excited they were and how much their were looking forward to it. As I said, my fellow workers were amazing there were so amazing on my last day they gave me a present and card thanking for helping out. I was so shocked that these people would buy a complete stranger they have only knew for a couple of weeks and present with there own money. I was completely shocked when they gave it to me. Both of my fellow workers were amazing and I enjoyed spending my time with them. Personally, the time I spent during work experience both with the children and staff was amazing and unforgettable. I won’t change the experience I had for the world, I had so many great memories and for definite I will be going back to visit when I finish my exams. The pictures I took will always be there to see but the memories will always be inside me. Work experience I think is a essential part of education because it gives you and insist to a job and not only and job it could be the job you are thinking of doing when your older and the work experiences can decide whether you do it or not. It also shows how other people work and how hard they work. I do think it is at the right time in the year for you because it is at a time where you start thinking what am I going to do or what do I want to do? It will at least give you an idea of where you want to go in you life. In the future I definitely want to have children and spending time with children has just made me clearer but it also has made my decision harder because I would like to study law and become a lawyer or solicitor but now I am thinking of becoming a teacher.